The primary goal of audio mastering is fairly simple: prepare a recording for distribution and ensure it sounds better going out than it did coming in.
This post on audio mastering is excerpted and adapted from Mastering with Ozone, a guide produced by our friends at iZotope. Reprinted with permission.
Audio mastering is often thought of as a mysterious art form, but its primary goal is fairly simple: to prepare a recording for distribution while ensuring it sounds better when it goes out than it did when it came in.
It all begins with the mix
You’ve just finished mixing what you think is a pretty good recording. The playing is good, the recording is clean, and the mix is decent. You export a file or burn it to a CD and proudly pop it in your audio player, yet when you hear it played next to a commercial track from your favorite artist, you think that somehow your recording is missing that sonic “X factor.” You can’t help but wonder, “What’s wrong with my recording?”
Diagnosing common problems
- It sounds small, and isn’t “loud” enough. Turning it up or mixing down at a higher level doesn’t solve the problem. Yes, that makes it sound louder, but doesn’t add the required impact or clarity.
- It sounds dull. Other recordings are warm and deep, yet bright and open all at the same time. You try boosting the EQ at high frequencies, but now your song just sounds harsh and noisy.
- The instruments and vocals sound thin and lack the sense of fullness that your favorite recordings have. You patch in a compressor and adjust some controls, and now the whole mix sounds squashed. The vocal might sound louder, but the cymbals have no dynamics. It’s fuller – and lifeless.
- The bass doesn’t have punch. You boost it with some low-end EQ, but now it just sounds louder and muddier, not punchier.
- You can hear all the instruments in your mix, and they all seem to have their own “place” in the stereo image, but the overall image sounds wrong. Other tracks have width and image that you just can’t seem to get from panning the individual tracks.
- You had reverb on the individual tracks, but it just sounds like a bunch of instruments in a bunch of different spaces. Your other CDs have a cohesive space that brings all the parts together. Not like rooms within a room, but a spaciousness that works across the entire mix.
What do I do now?
Audio mastering is a process that can take recordings to the next level. It might be the process that can address the problems listed above. What mastering SHOULDN’T be expected to do is completely reinvent the sound of your recording. Audio mastering is not a substitute for good mixing, or good arranging for that matter!
“Loud” records are a result of good writing/arranging/mixing AND mastering. They are made to sound GOOD and loud (if loud is what you are after) from the get-go, not just at the end. Once you have reached the final step of mixing with something that represents your best effort, then it’s time to dig in and see how much further mastering can get you toward the sound that you hear in your mind’s ear.
What is mastering?
Although there are many definitions of what mastering is, we’ll refer to mastering as the process of taking a mix and preparing it for distribution. In general, this involves the following steps and goals:
1) The sound of a record. The goal of this step is to take a good mix (usually in the form of a stereo file) and put the final touches on it. This can involve adjusting levels and general sweetening of the mix. Think of it as the difference between a good-sounding mix and a professional-sounding master. This process can, when necessary, involve adding things such as broad equalization, compression, and limiting. This process is often actually referred to as pre-mastering in the world of LP and CD replication, but we’re going to refer to it as mastering for simplicity.
2) Consistency across an album. Consideration also has to be made for how the individual tracks of an album work together when played one after another. Is there a consistent sound? Are the levels matched? Does the collection have a common character, or at least play back evenly so that the listener doesn’t have to adjust the volume? This process is generally included in the previous step, with the additional evaluation of how individual tracks sound in sequence and in relation to each other. This doesn’t mean that you simply make one preset and use it on all your tracks so that they have a consistent sound. Instead, the goal is to reconcile the differences between tracks while maintaining (or even enhancing) the character of each of them, which will most likely mean different settings for different tracks.
3) Preparation for distribution. The final step usually involves preparing the song or sequence of songs for download, replication, and manufacturing. In the case of a CD, it can mean converting to 16 bit/44.1 kHz audio through resampling and/or dithering, and setting track indexes, track gaps, PQ codes, and other CD-specific markings. For web-centered distribution, you might need to adjust the levels to prepare for conversion to AAC, MP3, or hi-resolution files and include the required metadata.
Mastering effects
Mastering engineers typically work with a set of specific processors.
– Compressors, limiters, and expanders are used to adjust the dynamics of a mix. For adjusting the dynamics of specific frequencies or instruments (such as controlling bass or de-essing vocals) a multi-band dynamic processor might be required. A single band compressor simply applies any changes to the entire range of frequencies in the mix.
– Equalizers are used to shape the tonal balance.
– Reverb can add an overall sense of depth to the mix, in addition to the reverb that may have been applied to individual tracks.
– Stereo Imaging can adjust the perceived width and image of the sound field.
Mastering quick tips
1) Have someone else master your mixes for you.
2) Take breaks and listen to other CDs in between sessions.
3) Listen on other speakers and systems.
4) Check how it sounds in mono.
EQ quick tips
1) Too muddy? Try cutting between 100 to 300 Hz.
2) Too nasal-sounding? Try cutting between 250 to 1000 Hz.
3) Too harsh-sounding? This can be caused by frequencies in the range of 2000 to 3500 Hz. Try cutting this range a few dB. Hopefully, using a band or two in these regions will give you a better sounding midrange. A common technique is to start by boosting a band to dial in a region of the spectrum that contains too much energy, and then cutting it once you’ve centered on the problem area. You’ll get the most natural sound using relatively narrow bands when cutting, but when boosting, wide bands generally sound more musical (a Q less than 1.0).
The 2015 Edition of Mastering with Ozone was revised by Jonathan Wyner, iZotope’s Education Director. Jonathan is the Chief Mastering Engineer and founder of M Works Mastering Studios (m-works.com) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Over the past 25 years, Jonathan has mastered more than 5,000 CDs, with notable credits include Aerosmith, David Bowie, Cream, Aimee Mann, Rahsaan Roland Kirk, Nirvana, and many more. In addition to his mastering projects, Jonathan regularly opens eyes and ears to the art of mastering as a faculty member at Berklee College of Music.
Download your free PDF of Mastering with Ozone. Learn more about iZotope at iZotope.com.
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Home Studio Posts – Recording Tips For Producers, Engineers, and Musicians
Your Home Studio Mix – Recording Tips For Better Results
Ear Fatigue and Mixing Music – Know the Signs, Avoid Mistakes
Mastering Gear Overview
Disc Makers SoundLab: What Is Mastering?
I work on a Tascam neo 24. It has suggested mastering entries but I really do not notice a difference. Your articles are very helpful. I still struggle with finding a trusworthy person that could master some of my music in my area. Thank you for the info.
I always have my final mixes professionally mastered and always will. Unfortunately, the listening public at large won’t give two shits. We now live in a time where bands (not all, but most) write some of the worst songs, record them in the most non-produced way and people listen on the worst devices (cell phones,etc). Quality in all these areas has gone down the toilet. I will always strive for quality in all my projects, but I don’t put any faith at all in the public acceptance of it. To prove my point: play the Beach Boys – Pet Sounds, Todd Rundgrens – Something/Anything or Kansas – Leftoverture,etc to most people under 30 and they won’t get it. They want the anger and energy of heavy music with cookie monster vocals. The music scene is now for the lowest common denominator. Quality Music…RIP.
I pulled out Sticky Fingers on vinyl last week. Man, is that a great sounding record! The old heads knew. And The Pet Sounds is a great example of tunes that translate because they work in mono. Brian Wilson has been nearly deaf in his right ear for his entire career. He has to work a little harder so it sounds good to him, and we all get to enjoy a great record.
You said it all brother
Even if you spend a good amount of time mixing and mastering, what are the chances that your song is going to end up as a 128 kbps MP3 and have all the frequencies above 16 kHz or so sucked out of the file? Probably pretty good. 🙁
I do all my own mixing but I leave the mastering to a trusted Mastering Engineer, Neville Clark, to make my mixes sparkle to that final level. I highly recommend as Donald W. Mohr says – “Have someone else master your mixes for you”. It makes a great difference.
What if the mastering engineer says…
“I can’t help you. It’s too good!”
Managing the loudness of the track is the most intricate step in audio mastering,thus should be done with complete awareness and by a professional so that the song should sound more good after audio mastering.
“1) Have someone else master your mixes for you.”
This is all this article needs to say. As a mastering engineer, this cannot be stressed enough. A real Mastering Engineer has the kind of monitoring that project studios do not. Mastering, while typically the most expensive part per hour is the cheapest as the general consensus is about 1 day for a full LP. This is the part to not skimp on. Most MEs will give feedback about the mixes prior to mastering if requested. If you’re mixing yourself, this is an excellent opportunity to spot the problems and correct them prior to mastering where only certain kinds of problems can be corrected, most are just “kinda” masked.
Agreed, it’s really difficult to master things you’ve mixed, especially if you try to do it in the same space. I do both jobs and have different rooms for mixing and mastering, but it’s still tough, I can only imagine if I was the composer and performer as well . I find listening in the car, out in traffic, to be a great tool. If the melody and song hold together then, you can be pretty confident. Before I had the mastering room, I used to drive around, stopping to make notes on each tune. It worked, but it took 2 or 3 days to master a an album some times.
Multiband limiter plug-ins are a great tool to start with. Setting your ceiling on each band gives a fairly consistant spectral content tune to tune, while adjusting the gain in individual bands works like EQ. Change your crossover points to narrow in on problem areas.